Plasma carotenoid levels exhibited a major seasonal variation in pregnant and lactating women in Keneba, a rural Gambian village. This is probably due mainly to the seasonally related contribution of mangoes, which are a major dietary component during May and June, but are essentially unavailable for the remainder of the year. Plasma retinol levels, on the other hand, exhibited much less seasonal variation, although a trend towards higher levels in May and June was just discernible. Plasma retinol levels were significantly lower than those observed in a group of pregnant and lactating women living in the UK.