Objectives: Dermatomyositis (DM) patients with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) antibodies are known for poor prognosis. This study was designed to identify humoral factors that are readily detectable in the disease and may reflect its activity and pathophysiology.
Methods: We first quantified the serum level expression of 28 cytokines in the serum of patients with collagen vascular diseases using bead-based multiplex immunoassays. We completed these evaluations at hospital admission and followed up with three DM patients with anti-MDA5 antibodies during hospitalisation. We also performed an immunohistochemical analysis of skin samples obtained from two patients.
Results: The serum level of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) was significantly higher in DM patients with anti-MDA5 antibodies than in those without the antibody, decreasing drastically upon treatment. Interestingly, this time course paralleled not that of interferon (IFN)-γ, which was originally reported to be the inducer of IP-10, but that of IFN-α2. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that most of the IP-10-positive cells were macrophages. Furthermore, monocytes stimulated with type I IFN in vitro produced IP-10 in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusions: IP-10 is a potentially useful disease activity marker of DM with anti-MDA5 antibodies, correlating more with IFN-α2 then IFN-γ. IP-10 released from macrophages might prompt the infiltration of macrophages themselves. Thus, the type I IFN/IP-10 axis may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this intractable disease.