Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or Cdc48, plays a central role in cellular protein homeostasis. Human p97 mutations are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting p97 and its cofactors is a strategy for cancer drug development. Despite significant structural insights into the fungal homolog Cdc48, little is known about how human p97 interacts with its cofactors. Recently, the anti-alcohol abuse drug disulfiram was found to target cancer through Npl4, a cofactor of p97, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we uncovered three Npl4 conformational states in complex with human p97 before ATP hydrolysis. The motion of Npl4 results from its zinc finger motifs interacting with the N domain of p97, which is essential for the unfolding activity of p97. In vitro and cell-based assays showed that the disulfiram derivative bis-(diethyldithiocarbamate)-copper (CuET) can bypass the copper transporter system and inhibit the function of p97 in the cytoplasm by releasing cupric ions under oxidative conditions, which disrupt the zinc finger motifs of Npl4, locking the essential conformational switch of the complex.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
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Adenosine Triphosphate / analogs & derivatives
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Adenosine Triphosphate / chemistry
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Adenosine Triphosphate / metabolism
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Binding Sites
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Cloning, Molecular
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Coenzymes / chemistry*
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Coenzymes / genetics
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Coenzymes / metabolism
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Cryoelectron Microscopy
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Disulfiram / chemistry
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Disulfiram / metabolism
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Ditiocarb / analogs & derivatives*
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Ditiocarb / chemistry
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Ditiocarb / metabolism
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Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry
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Enzyme Inhibitors / metabolism
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Escherichia coli / genetics
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Escherichia coli / metabolism
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Gene Expression
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Genetic Vectors / chemistry
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Genetic Vectors / metabolism
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Humans
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / chemistry*
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / genetics
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / metabolism
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Models, Molecular
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Nuclear Proteins / chemistry*
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Nuclear Proteins / genetics
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Nuclear Proteins / metabolism
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Organometallic Compounds / chemistry*
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Organometallic Compounds / metabolism
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Protein Binding
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Protein Conformation
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Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
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Protein Unfolding
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Recombinant Proteins / chemistry
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Recombinant Proteins / genetics
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Recombinant Proteins / metabolism
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Substrate Specificity
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Ubiquitin / chemistry*
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Ubiquitin / genetics
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Ubiquitin / metabolism
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Valosin Containing Protein / antagonists & inhibitors
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Valosin Containing Protein / chemistry*
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Valosin Containing Protein / genetics
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Valosin Containing Protein / metabolism
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Zinc Fingers
Substances
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Coenzymes
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Enzyme Inhibitors
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Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
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NPLOC4 protein, human
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Nuclear Proteins
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Organometallic Compounds
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Recombinant Proteins
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UFD1 protein, human
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Ubiquitin
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bis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate)Cu (II) complex
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adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Ditiocarb
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VCP protein, human
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Valosin Containing Protein
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Disulfiram