Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, with their complications, remain major health problems in the United States. At this time, cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for all patients with symptomatic gallstones and those with acute cholecystitis, except those who are too ill to undergo surgery. Present therapeutic options may be summarized as follows: Asymptomatic patients and those with flatulence and dyspepsia who have gallstones should be observed. Those who have symptoms of biliary pain, gallstone-induced pancreatitis, or common duct stones should have corrective surgery. Those who refuse surgery or who aren't surgical candidates might be treated with dissolution therapy. Dissolution of gallstones with chemical agents and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy show some promise. We need a better understanding of the etiology and formation of gallstones to address the disease from a preventive standpoint and reduce the incidence of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis, and their complications.