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Encephalitis

MedGen UID:
4027
•Concept ID:
C0014038
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Brain Inflammation; Brain Inflammations; Inflammation, Brain
SNOMED CT: Encephalitis (45170000)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0019956
Orphanet: ORPHA97275

Definition

An inflammatory process affecting the brain parenchyma. Causes include viral infections and less frequently bacterial infections, toxins, and immune-mediated processes. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria.
Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, Kim HJ, Brilot F, Flanagan EP, Ramanathan S, Waters P, Tenembaum S, Graves JS, Chitnis T, Brandt AU, Hemingway C, Neuteboom R, Pandit L, Reindl M, Saiz A, Sato DK, Rostasy K, Paul F, Pittock SJ, Fujihara K, Palace J
Lancet Neurol 2023 Mar;22(3):268-282. Epub 2023 Jan 24 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00431-8. PMID: 36706773
Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management.
Uy CE, Binks S, Irani SR
Pract Neurol 2021 Oct;21(5):412-423. Epub 2021 Jun 9 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002567. PMID: 34108243Free PMC Article
Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management.
Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S, Ances B, Benavides DR, Bradshaw M, Christo PP, Dale RC, Fernandez-Fournier M, Flanagan EP, Gadoth A, George P, Grebenciucova E, Jammoul A, Lee ST, Li Y, Matiello M, Morse AM, Rae-Grant A, Rojas G, Rossman I, Schmitt S, Venkatesan A, Vernino S, Pittock SJ, Titulaer MJ; Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance Clinicians Network
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021 Jul;92(7):757-768. Epub 2021 Mar 1 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-325300. PMID: 33649022Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Autoimmune Meningitis and Encephalitis.
Richie MB
Neurol Clin 2022 Feb;40(1):93-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.007. PMID: 34798977
Encephalitis and Brain Abscess.
Venkatesan A
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2021 Aug 1;27(4):855-886. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001006. PMID: 34623096
Autoimmune encephalitis: clinical spectrum and management.
Uy CE, Binks S, Irani SR
Pract Neurol 2021 Oct;21(5):412-423. Epub 2021 Jun 9 doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2020-002567. PMID: 34108243Free PMC Article
Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment.
Nissen MS, Ryding M, Meyer M, Blaabjerg M
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2020;19(8):584-598. doi: 10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. PMID: 32640967
A Practical Approach to Meningitis and Encephalitis.
Richie MB, Josephson SA
Semin Neurol 2015 Dec;35(6):611-20. Epub 2015 Nov 23 doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1564686. PMID: 26595861

Diagnosis

Autoimmune Meningitis and Encephalitis.
Richie MB
Neurol Clin 2022 Feb;40(1):93-112. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.007. PMID: 34798977
Infectious Meningitis and Encephalitis.
Bystritsky RJ, Chow FC
Neurol Clin 2022 Feb;40(1):77-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2021.08.006. PMID: 34798976
Encephalitis and Brain Abscess.
Venkatesan A
Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2021 Aug 1;27(4):855-886. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000001006. PMID: 34623096
Viral encephalitis: a practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment.
Costa BKD, Sato DK
J Pediatr (Rio J) 2020 Mar-Apr;96 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):12-19. Epub 2019 Sep 9 doi: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.07.006. PMID: 31513761Free PMC Article
Acute encephalitis - diagnosis and management.
Ellul M, Solomon T
Clin Med (Lond) 2018 Mar;18(2):155-159. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-155. PMID: 29626021Free PMC Article

Therapy

A Perspective on Current Flavivirus Vaccine Development: A Brief Review.
Dutta SK, Langenburg T
Viruses 2023 Mar 28;15(4) doi: 10.3390/v15040860. PMID: 37112840Free PMC Article
Immunotherapy for Refractory Autoimmune Encephalitis.
Yang J, Liu X
Front Immunol 2021;12:790962. Epub 2021 Dec 16 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790962. PMID: 34975890Free PMC Article
Autoimmune Epilepsy.
Toledano M, Pittock SJ
Semin Neurol 2015 Jun;35(3):245-58. Epub 2015 Jun 10 doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1552625. PMID: 26060904
Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R
Lancet Neurol 2011 Jan;10(1):63-74. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70253-2. PMID: 21163445Free PMC Article
Acyclovir: mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical applications.
Gnann JW Jr, Barton NH, Whitley RJ
Pharmacotherapy 1983 Sep-Oct;3(5):275-83. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03274.x. PMID: 6359082

Prognosis

COVID-19 Legacy.
Ladani AP, Loganathan M, Kolikonda MK, Lippmann S
South Med J 2021 Dec;114(12):751-759. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000001337. PMID: 34853850Free PMC Article
Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors.
Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, Saffari SE, Ng A
Eur J Neurol 2021 Oct;28(10):3491-3502. Epub 2021 Jun 2 doi: 10.1111/ene.14913. PMID: 33982853Free PMC Article
Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.
GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators
Lancet Neurol 2019 May;18(5):459-480. Epub 2019 Mar 14 doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X. PMID: 30879893Free PMC Article
Anti-LGI1 encephalitis: Clinical syndrome and long-term follow-up.
van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, Jiskoot LC, Sanchez E, de Bruijn MA, van Coevorden-Hameete MH, Wirtz PW, Schreurs MW, Sillevis Smitt PA, Titulaer MJ
Neurology 2016 Oct 4;87(14):1449-1456. Epub 2016 Sep 2 doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003173. PMID: 27590293
Japanese encephalitis.
Abe T, Kojima K, Shoji H, Tanaka N, Fujimoto K, Uchida M, Nishimura H, Hayabuchi N, Norbash AM
J Magn Reson Imaging 1998 Jul-Aug;8(4):755-61. doi: 10.1002/jmri.1880080402. PMID: 9702874

Clinical prediction guides

Seronegative autoimmune encephalitis: clinical characteristics and factors associated with outcomes.
Lee WJ, Lee HS, Kim DY, Lee HS, Moon J, Park KI, Lee SK, Chu K, Lee ST
Brain 2022 Oct 21;145(10):3509-3521. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac166. PMID: 35512357
Rituximab Treatment and Long-term Outcome of Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis: Real-world Evidence From the GENERATE Registry.
Thaler FS, Zimmermann L, Kammermeier S, Strippel C, Ringelstein M, Kraft A, Sühs KW, Wickel J, Geis C, Markewitz R, Urbanek C, Sommer C, Doppler K, Penner L, Lewerenz J, Rößling R, Finke C, Prüss H, Melzer N, Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Kümpfel T; German Network for Research on Autoimmune Encephalitis (GENERATE)
Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2021 Nov;8(6) Epub 2021 Oct 1 doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001088. PMID: 34599001Free PMC Article
Use and Safety of Immunotherapeutic Management of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antibody Encephalitis: A Meta-analysis.
Nosadini M, Eyre M, Molteni E, Thomas T, Irani SR, Dalmau J, Dale RC, Lim M; International NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis Consensus Group, Anlar B, Armangue T, Benseler S, Cellucci T, Deiva K, Gallentine W, Gombolay G, Gorman MP, Hacohen Y, Jiang Y, Lim BC, Muscal E, Ndondo A, Neuteboom R, Rostásy K, Sakuma H, Sartori S, Sharma S, Tenembaum SN, Van Mater HA, Wells E, Wickstrom R, Yeshokumar AK
JAMA Neurol 2021 Nov 1;78(11):1333-1344. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3188. PMID: 34542573Free PMC Article
Efficacy and safety of rituximab in autoimmune encephalitis: A meta-analysis.
Nepal G, Shing YK, Yadav JK, Rehrig JH, Ojha R, Huang DY, Gajurel BP
Acta Neurol Scand 2020 Nov;142(5):449-459. Epub 2020 Jun 16 doi: 10.1111/ane.13291. PMID: 32484900
Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus.
Rubin S, Eckhaus M, Rennick LJ, Bamford CG, Duprex WP
J Pathol 2015 Jan;235(2):242-52. doi: 10.1002/path.4445. PMID: 25229387Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review.
Nabizadeh F, Balabandian M, Sodeifian F, Rezaei N, Rostami MR, Naser Moghadasi A
Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022 Jun;62:103795. Epub 2022 Apr 6 doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103795. PMID: 35472834Free PMC Article
Medical treatment of Rasmussen's Encephalitis: A systematic review.
Lagarde S, Boucraut J, Bartolomei F
Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022 Sep;178(7):675-691. Epub 2022 Feb 4 doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.01.007. PMID: 35131107
Encephalitis Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review.
Velasco R, Villagrán M, Jové M, Simó M, Vilariño N, Alemany M, Palmero R, Martínez-Villacampa MM, Nadal E, Bruna J
JAMA Neurol 2021 Jul 1;78(7):864-873. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0249. PMID: 33720308
Burden of Neurological Disorders Across the US From 1990-2017: A Global Burden of Disease Study.
GBD 2017 US Neurological Disorders Collaborators, Feigin VL, Vos T, Alahdab F, Amit AML, Bärnighausen TW, Beghi E, Beheshti M, Chavan PP, Criqui MH, Desai R, Dhamminda Dharmaratne S, Dorsey ER, Wilder Eagan A, Elgendy IY, Filip I, Giampaoli S, Giussani G, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hole MK, Ikeda T, Owens Johnson C, Kalani R, Khatab K, Khubchandani J, Kim D, Koroshetz WJ, Krishnamoorthy V, Krishnamurthi RV, Liu X, Lo WD, Logroscino G, Mensah GA, Miller TR, Mohammed S, Mokdad AH, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morrison SD, Shivamurthy VKN, Naghavi M, Nichols E, Norrving B, Odell CM, Pupillo E, Radfar A, Roth GA, Shafieesabet A, Sheikh A, Sheikhbahaei S, Shin JI, Singh JA, Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Wallin MT, Weiss J, Wu C, Zunt JR, Adelson JD, Murray CJL
JAMA Neurol 2021 Feb 1;78(2):165-176. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4152. PMID: 33136137Free PMC Article
Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire® FilmArray® meningitis/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Tansarli GS, Chapin KC
Clin Microbiol Infect 2020 Mar;26(3):281-290. Epub 2019 Nov 21 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.016. PMID: 31760115

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