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    Prl prolactin [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]

    Gene ID: 19109, updated on 21-Apr-2024

    Summary

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    Official Symbol
    Prlprovided by MGI
    Official Full Name
    prolactinprovided by MGI
    Primary source
    MGI:MGI:97762
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021342 AllianceGenome:MGI:97762
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    VALIDATED
    Organism
    Mus musculus
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
    Also known as
    Gha1; Prl1a1
    Summary
    Predicted to enable hormone activity and prolactin receptor binding activity. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including mammary gland development; maternal behavior; and positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT. Located in secretory granule. Is expressed in hippocampus; pituitary gland; placenta; and trophoblast giant cell. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in carotid artery disease. Orthologous to human PRL (prolactin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
    Expression
    Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
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    Genomic context

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    Location:
    13 A3.1; 13 12.25 cM
    Exon count:
    5
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_02 current GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) 13 NC_000079.7 (27241553..27249187)
    108.20200622 previous assembly GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 13 NC_000079.6 (27057570..27065204)

    Chromosome 13 - NC_000079.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene 60S ribosomal protein L27a-like Neighboring gene HDGF like 1 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_34013 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_34014 Neighboring gene prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1 Neighboring gene prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

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    • Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
    • Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
    • BioProject: PRJNA66167
    • Publication: PMID 25409824
    • Analysis date: n/a

    Bibliography

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    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Unexpected Plasma Gonadal Steroid and Prolactin Levels Across the Mouse Estrous Cycle. Wall EG, et al. Endocrinology, 2023 Apr 17. PMID 37165692, Free PMC Article
    2. Maternal prolactin levels during late pregnancy and nurturing behavior of offspring in mice. Masuda S, et al. Dev Psychobiol, 2022 Mar. PMID 35312052
    3. Vasoinhibin is Generated and Promotes Inflammation in Mild Antigen-induced Arthritis. Ortiz G, et al. Endocrinology, 2022 May 1. PMID 35305012, Free PMC Article
    4. NSG-Pro mouse model for uncovering resistance mechanisms and unique vulnerabilities in human luminal breast cancers. Sun Y, et al. Sci Adv, 2021 Sep 17. PMID 34524841, Free PMC Article
    5. Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice. Alemán-García YP, et al. J Immunol Res, 2021. PMID 33763492, Free PMC Article

    See all (248) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Unexpected Plasma Gonadal Steroid and Prolactin Levels Across the Mouse Estrous Cycle.
      Title: Unexpected Plasma Gonadal Steroid and Prolactin Levels Across the Mouse Estrous Cycle.
    2. Prolactin in headache and migraine: A systematic review of preclinical studies.
      Title: Prolactin in headache and migraine: A systematic review of preclinical studies.
    3. Associations among the TREM-1 Pathway, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, Prolactin Expression, and Metformin in Diabetes Mice.
      Title: Associations among the TREM-1 Pathway, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, Prolactin Expression, and Metformin in Diabetes Mice.
    4. Prolactin-Induced Protein facilitates corneal wound healing.
      Title: Prolactin-Induced Protein facilitates corneal wound healing.
    5. Vasoinhibin is Generated and Promotes Inflammation in Mild Antigen-induced Arthritis.
      Title: Vasoinhibin is Generated and Promotes Inflammation in Mild Antigen-induced Arthritis.
    6. Maternal prolactin levels during late pregnancy and nurturing behavior of offspring in mice.
      Title: Maternal prolactin levels during late pregnancy and nurturing behavior of offspring in mice.
    7. The effect of circadian rhythm on prolactin/PRLR-mediated intracellular signaling profiles in vivo and in vitro.
      Title: The effect of circadian rhythm on prolactin/PRLR-mediated intracellular signaling profiles in vivo and in vitro.
    8. Prolactin enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity in female mice of reproductive age.
      Title: Prolactin enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity in female mice of reproductive age.
    9. Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice.
      Title: Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice.
    10. Prolactin synergizes with canonical Wnt signals to drive development of ER+ mammary tumors via activation of the Notch pathway.
      Title: Prolactin synergizes with canonical Wnt signals to drive development of ER+ mammary tumors via activation of the Notch pathway.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (82)

    Variation

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    Alleles

    Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics  (MGI)
    • Targeted (2)  1 citation
    • Endonuclease-mediated (2) 

    Pathways from PubChem

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    Interactions

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    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

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    Markers

    Homology

    Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables hormone activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables hormone activity TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables prolactin receptor binding IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables prolactin receptor binding ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    acts_upstream_of cell population proliferation IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of epithelial cell proliferation IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in female pregnancy IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within lactation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in mammary gland development IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within mammary gland development IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of_or_within maternal behavior IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    acts_upstream_of negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of cell population proliferation IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of lactation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of miRNA transcription ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT IGI
    Inferred from Genetic Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in prolactin signaling pathway ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    involved_in regulation of ossification ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in response to nutrient levels IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in extracellular region ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in extracellular space IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in extracellular space ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  
    located_in secretory granule IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in secretory granule ISO
    Inferred from Sequence Orthology
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

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    Preferred Names
    prolactin
    Names
    growth hormone a1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001163530.1 → NP_001157002.1  prolactin isoform 2 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001157002.1

      Status: VALIDATED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the coding region, compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein (isoform 2), compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AK133645, AL591843
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q3TT66, Q9CPQ0
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000018061.6, ENSMUST00000018061.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd10288
      Location:31 → 227
      prolactin_like; Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones

    2. NM_011164.2 → NP_035294.2  prolactin isoform 1 precursor

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_035294.2

      Status: VALIDATED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AK161619, AL591843
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS26389.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P06879, Q544X8
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q9CPQ2
      Related
      ENSMUSP00000105998.4, ENSMUST00000110369.10
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd10288
      Location:32 → 228
      prolactin_like; Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001635.27-RS_2024_02

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

    Genomic

    1. NC_000079.7 Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

      Range
      27241553..27249187
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
    Nucleotide Protein Strain
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P06879.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P06879

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

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