U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

GYG2 glycogenin 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 8908, updated on 3-Apr-2024

Summary

Go to the top of the page Help
Official Symbol
GYG2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name
glycogenin 2provided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4700
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000056998 MIM:300198; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4700
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
GN2; GN-2
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the the glycogenin family. Glycogenin is a self-glucosylating protein involved in the initiation reactions of glycogen biosynthesis. A gene on chromosome 3 encodes the muscle glycogenin and this X-linked gene encodes the glycogenin mainly present in liver; both are involved in blood glucose homeostasis. This gene has a short version on chromosome Y, which is 3' truncated and can not make a functional protein. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.[provided by RefSeq, May 2010]
Expression
Biased expression in fat (RPKM 111.6) and liver (RPKM 4.8) See more
Orthologs
all
NEW
Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Go to the top of the page Help
Location:
Xp22.33
Exon count:
13
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) X NC_000023.11 (2828930..2882818)
RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) X NC_060947.1 (2441715..2495327)
105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) X NC_000023.10 (2746971..2800859)

Chromosome X - NC_000023.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene CD99 molecule (Xg blood group) Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2699593-2700274 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2700956-2701636 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2701637-2702317 Neighboring gene Xg glycoprotein (Xg blood group) Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2711950-2712538 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2717356-2718298 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2718299-2719240 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2721222-2721887 Neighboring gene CDK7 strongly-dependent group 2 enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2722445-2723644 Neighboring gene ReSE screen-validated silencer GRCh37_chrX:2764748-2764850 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2766248-2766874 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2807746-2808337 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2809856-2810546 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2815103-2815898 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2815899-2816694 Neighboring gene ARSD antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2841876-2842386 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2842387-2842896 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20638 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 20639 Neighboring gene arylsulfatase D Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2878567-2879390 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2879391-2880216 Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chrX:2881867-2882690 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 29373 Neighboring gene arylsulfatase L

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help
  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the pageHelp

Related articles in PubMed

  1. Glycogen Synthesis in Glycogenin 1-Deficient Patients: A Role for Glycogenin 2 in Muscle. Krag TO, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017 Aug 1. PMID 28453664
  2. Glycogenin-2 is dispensable for liver glycogen synthesis and glucagon-stimulated glucose release. Irgens HU, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2015 May. PMID 25751106
  3. LC-MS/MS characterization of combined glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 enzymatic activities reveals their self-glucosylation preferences. Nilsson J, et al. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2014 Feb. PMID 24239874
  4. Crystal structure of the autocatalytic initiator of glycogen biosynthesis, glycogenin. Gibbons BJ, et al. J Mol Biol, 2002 May 31. PMID 12051921
  5. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human glycogenin-2 gene GYG2. Zhai L, et al. Gene, 2000 Jan 25. PMID 10721716

See all (24) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals GYG2 as a mitochondria-related aging biomarker in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.
    Title: Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals GYG2 as a mitochondria-related aging biomarker in human subcutaneous adipose tissue.
  2. Study demonstrates expression of glycogenin 2 in glycogenin 1-deficient patients, suggesting that glycogenin 2 rescues the formation of glycogen in patients with glycogenin 1 deficiency.
    Title: Glycogen Synthesis in Glycogenin 1-Deficient Patients: A Role for Glycogenin 2 in Muscle.
  3. This is the first evaluation of humans without GN2 expression. Our data indicate that GN2 is not required for liver glycogen synthesis and glucagon-stimulated glucose release.
    Title: Glycogenin-2 is dispensable for liver glycogen synthesis and glucagon-stimulated glucose release.
  4. The glucosylation of glycogenin-2 was enhanced to 2-4 glucose units by the co-presence of enzymatically active glycogenin-1.
    Title: LC-MS/MS characterization of combined glycogenin-1 and glycogenin-2 enzymatic activities reveals their self-glucosylation preferences.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

Genotypes

Pathways from PubChem

Go to the top of the page

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help
Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glucosyl-glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity EXP
Inferred from Experiment
more info
 PubMed 
enables glycogenin glucosyltransferase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables glycosyltransferase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables metal ion binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in glycogen biosynthetic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glycogen biosynthetic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in glycogen biosynthetic process TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help
Preferred Names
glycogenin-2
Names
glycogenin glucosyltransferase
NP_001073324.1
NP_001171631.1
NP_001171632.1
NP_001171633.1
NP_003909.2
XP_011543902.1
XP_016885416.1
XP_016885417.1
XP_016885418.1
XP_016885419.1
XP_016885420.1
XP_047298564.1
XP_047298565.1
XP_047298566.1
XP_047298567.1
XP_047298568.1
XP_047298569.1
XP_054184024.1
XP_054184025.1
XP_054184026.1
XP_054184027.1
XP_054184028.1
XP_054184029.1
XP_054184030.1
XP_054184031.1
XP_054184032.1
XP_054184033.1
XP_054184034.1
XP_054184035.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_021257.1 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5109..58997
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001079855.2 → NP_001073324.1  glycogenin-2 isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001073324.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) lacks an in-frame exon in the CDS, as compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (a) lacks an internal segment, as compared to isoform b.
    Source sequence(s)
    BC023152, CB410312, U94361, U94362
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS48074.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Related
    ENSP00000381786.3, ENST00000398806.8
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02537
    Location:6 → 257
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen

  2. NM_001184702.2 → NP_001171631.1  glycogenin-2 isoform c

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001171631.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) lacks an in-frame exon and a 3 nt segment in the CDS, as compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (c, also known as beta) lacks an internal segment in the N-terminal region and an amino acid Q in the C-terminal region, as compared to isoform b.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC005295, U94361, U94362, U94363
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:6 → 257
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:11 → 275
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

  3. NM_001184703.2 → NP_001171632.1  glycogenin-2 isoform d

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001171632.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) lacks two consecutive in-frame exons in the 3' CDS, as compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (d) lacks an internal segment in the C-terminal region, as compared to isoform b.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC005295, DQ424901, U94361, U94362
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS55365.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Related
    ENSP00000487294.1, ENST00000353656.10
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:37 → 288
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:42 → 306
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

  4. NM_001184704.2 → NP_001171633.1  glycogenin-2 isoform e

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001171633.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (5) lacks two consecutive exons in the 5' CDS, resulting in a downstream in-frame AUG start codon, and also lacks two consecutive in-frame exons in the 3' CDS, as compared to variant 2. The resulting isoform (e) has a shorter N-terminus and lacks an internal segment in the C-terminal region, as compared to isoform b.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC005295, AK098046, U94361
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    B3KUV6
    Related
    ENST00000381161.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl11394
    Location:1 → 102
    Glyco_tranf_GTA_type; Glycosyltransferase family A (GT-A) includes diverse families of glycosyl transferases with a common GT-A type structural fold

  5. NM_003918.3 → NP_003909.2  glycogenin-2 isoform b

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_003909.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) encodes the longest isoform (b, also known as alpha).
    Source sequence(s)
    BC023152, CB410312, U94361, U94362
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS14121.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7WNN6, O15485, O15486, O15487, O15488, O15489, O15490
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Related
    ENSP00000370555.3, ENST00000381163.7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:37 → 288
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:42 → 306
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000023.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    2828930..2882818
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_017029928.2 → XP_016885417.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7WNN6, O15485, O15486, O15487, O15488, O15489, O15490
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:37 → 288
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:42 → 306
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

  2. XM_047442608.1 → XP_047298564.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X2

  3. XM_047442609.1 → XP_047298565.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X3

  4. XM_047442610.1 → XP_047298566.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X4

  5. XM_047442613.1 → XP_047298569.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X6

  6. XM_017029929.2 → XP_016885418.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X2

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:37 → 288
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:42 → 306
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

  7. XM_017029930.2 → XP_016885419.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X6

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:6 → 257
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:11 → 275
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

  8. XM_017029927.2 → XP_016885416.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X1

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B7WNN6, O15485, O15486, O15487, O15488, O15489, O15490
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:37 → 288
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:42 → 306
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

  9. XM_047442612.1 → XP_047298568.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X5

  10. XM_011545600.3 → XP_011543902.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X3

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011543902.1

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd02537
    Location:6 → 257
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen

  11. XM_047442611.1 → XP_047298567.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X4

  12. XM_017029931.2 → XP_016885420.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X6

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q1ZYL7
    Conserved Domains (2) summary
    cd02537
    Location:6 → 257
    GT8_Glycogenin; Glycogenin belongs the GT 8 family and initiates the biosynthesis of glycogen
    COG1442
    Location:11 → 275
    RfaJ; Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis protein, LPS:glycosyltransferase [Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis]

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060947.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    2441715..2495327
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054328052.1 → XP_054184027.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X1

  2. XM_054328050.1 → XP_054184025.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X2

  3. XM_054328058.1 → XP_054184033.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X6

  4. XM_054328054.1 → XP_054184029.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X3

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K8Y1

  5. XM_054328056.1 → XP_054184031.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X4

  6. XM_054328060.1 → XP_054184035.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X6

  7. XM_054328051.1 → XP_054184026.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X2

  8. XM_054328057.1 → XP_054184032.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X5

  9. XM_054328059.1 → XP_054184034.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X6

  10. XM_054328049.1 → XP_054184024.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X1

  11. XM_054328055.1 → XP_054184030.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X4

  12. XM_054328053.1 → XP_054184028.1  glycogenin-2 isoform X3

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K8Y1
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
O15488.2 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:O15488

Gene LinkOut

The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

Chemical Information
Molecular Biology Databases
Research Materials
Tools
Miscellaneous