Dlx2 distal-less homeobox 2 [Mus musculus (house mouse)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: Dlx2provided by MGI
Official Full Name: distal-less homeobox 2provided by MGI
Primary source: MGI:MGI:94902
See related: Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000023391 AllianceGenome:MGI:94902
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: VALIDATED
Organism: Mus musculus
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as: DII A; Dlx-2; Tes-1
Summary: Enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; chromatin binding activity; and nucleic acid binding activity. Involved in negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation; positive regulation of amacrine cell differentiation; and positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway; nervous system development; and skeletal system development. Located in nucleus. Is expressed in several structures, including branchial arch; embryo ectoderm; genitourinary system; sensory organ; and tooth. Orthologous to human DLX2 (distal-less homeobox 2). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
Expression: Biased expression in whole brain E14.5 (RPKM 11.5), CNS E14 (RPKM 10.5) and 5 other tissues See more
Orthologs: human all
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Genomic context

Location:: 2 C2; 2 42.65 cM

Exon count:: 3

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_02	current	GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27)	2	NC_000068.8 (71373752..71377095, complement)
108.20200622	previous assembly	GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26)	2	NC_000068.7 (71543408..71546754, complement)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000068.8 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
BioProject: PRJNA66167
Publication: PMID 25409824
Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Direct reprogramming of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into GABAergic inhibitory neurons by a single homeodomain transcription factor Dlx2.
Title: Direct reprogramming of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into GABAergic inhibitory neurons by a single homeodomain transcription factor Dlx2.
Dlx1/2 mice have abnormal enteric nervous system function.
Title: Dlx1/2 mice have abnormal enteric nervous system function.
Dlx1/2 are Central and Essential Components in the Transcriptional Code for Generating Olfactory Bulb Interneurons.
Title: Dlx1/2 are Central and Essential Components in the Transcriptional Code for Generating Olfactory Bulb Interneurons.
Dlx1 and Dlx2 promote interneuron GABA synthesis, synaptogenesis, and dendritogenesis. Dlx1&2 coordinate key components of cortical interneurons postnatal development by promoting their excitability, inhibitory output, and survival.
Title: Dlx1 and Dlx2 Promote Interneuron GABA Synthesis, Synaptogenesis, and Dendritogenesis.
Overexpression of Dlx2 enhances early chondrocyte differentiation by increasing accumulation of Col2alpha1, type II collagen and aggrecan, but interferes later stages of chondrocyte differentiation through inhibiting MMP13 expression.
Title: Dlx2 overexpression enhanced accumulation of type II collagen and aggrecan by inhibiting MMP13 expression in mice chondrocytes.
Studies revealed that Dlx1/2 and Otp are required for the specification of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)- and AgRP-neurons, respectively. Dlx1/2 suppress agouti-related protein (AgRP)-neuronal fate by directly binding and repressing the Otp gene, uncovering a novel Dlx1/2-Otp gene regulatory axis critical for the segregation of GHRH- and AgRP-neuronal fates.
Title: Dlx1/2 and Otp coordinate the production of hypothalamic GHRH- and AgRP-neurons.
Mutant Runx2 regulates amelogenesis and osteogenesis through a miR-185-5p-Dlx2 axis.
Title: Mutant Runx2 regulates amelogenesis and osteogenesis through a miR-185-5p-Dlx2 axis.
Dlx2 overexpression may alter the alveolar bone, cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL) phenotypes in mice.
Title: Dental and periodontal phenotypes of Dlx2 overexpression in mice.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. We show that Dlx1/Dlx2 homeobox genes regulate GABA synthesis during forebrain development through direct activation of glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme isoforms that convert glutamate to GABA.
Title: GABAergic Interneuron Differentiation in the Basal Forebrain Is Mediated through Direct Regulation of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Isoforms by Dlx Homeobox Transcription Factors.
Dlx1 and Dlx2 function both downstream of ATOH7 and in parallel, but cooperative, pathways that involve regulation of Brn3b expression to determine retinal ganglion cell fate.
Title: Regulation of Brn3b by DLX1 and DLX2 is required for retinal ganglion cell differentiation in the vertebrate retina.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (45)

Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI)

Targeted (6) 1 citation
Endonuclease-mediated (4) 1 citation

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

D2Tfv3 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:142340

Dlx2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:234044

Dlx2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:465474

AW121999 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:178639

U51002 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:163285

Dlx2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:507869

Dlx2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:506851

Dlx2 (e-PCR), detects polymorphism
- UniSTS:530682

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables chromatin binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	ISO Inferred from Sequence Orthology more info
enables single-stranded RNA binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within GABAergic neuron differentiation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of Notch signaling pathway	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within branching morphogenesis of a nerve	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within cartilage development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in cell differentiation	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in embryo development	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within embryonic skeletal system development	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within embryonic skeletal system development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within forebrain neuron differentiation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within hippocampus development	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within multicellular organism development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within neuroblast differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within olfactory bulb development	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of oligodendrocyte differentiation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of amacrine cell differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of cell differentiation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within proximal/distal pattern formation	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within proximal/distal pattern formation	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within subpallium development	IGI Inferred from Genetic Interaction more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in nucleus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: homeobox protein DLX-2

Names: homeobox protein TES-1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_010054.3 → NP_034184.1 homeobox protein DLX-2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_034184.1

Status: VALIDATED

Source sequence(s)

AL928931

Consensus CDS

CCDS16117.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P40764

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q52KJ2

Related

ENSMUSP00000024159.7, ENSMUST00000024159.8

Conserved Domains (2) summary

pfam00046
Location:158 → 211

Homeobox; Homeobox domain

pfam12413
Location:54 → 135

DLL_N; Homeobox protein distal-less-like N terminal