Ca2+-binding protein, EF-hand superfamily [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  68 AEQFPKKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHY-----LQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVkiSEQQAEKI 142
Cdd:COG5126    31 FRRLWATLFSEADTDGDGRISREEFVAGmeslfEATVEPFARAAFDLLDTDGDGKISADEFRRLLTALGV--SEEEADEL 108

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1386635302 143 LKSMDKNGTMTIDWNE----WRDYH 163
Cdd:COG5126   109 FARLDTDGDGKISFEEfvaaVRDYY 133

Mitochondrial carrier protein;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 296 ETLRIHERLVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMAL---RKTGQYSGMLDCARRILAKEGVAAFYKGYIPNMLGIIPYAGI 372
Cdd:pfam00153   1 SELSFLASLLAGGIAGAIAVTVTYPLDVVKTRLQVqggSGKSKGRGILDCFKKIYKEEGIRGLYKGLLPNLLRVAPAAAI 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*.
gi 1386635302 373 DLAVYETLKNtWLQRY 388
Cdd:pfam00153  81 YFGTYETLKR-LLLKK 95

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2); The family includes some homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) mainly found in lower eukaryotes, such as a parasitic protist Leishmarua major and a cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. These homologs contains five EF-hand motifs. Due to the presence of unfavorable residues at the Ca2+-coordinating positions, their non-canonical EF4 and EF5 hands may not bind Ca2+. Two Dictyostelium PEF proteins are the prototypes of this family. They may bind to cytoskeletal proteins and/or signal-transducing proteins localized to detergent-resistant membranes named lipid rafts, and occur as monomers or weak homo- or heterodimers like ALG-2. They can serve as a mediator for Ca2+ signaling-related Dictyostehum programmed cell death (PCD).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVH---YLQDhekkLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKN 149
Cdd:cd16185    39 EKLIRMFDRDGNGTIDFEEFAAlhqFLSN----MQNGFEQRDTSRSGRLDANEVHEALAASGFQLDPPAFQALFRKFDPD 114

                          90
                  ....*....|
gi 1386635302 150 GTMTIDWNEW 159
Cdd:cd16185   115 RGGSLGFDDY 124

calmodulin; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  67 PAEQFPKKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQ------DHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAE 140
Cdd:PTZ00184   44 PTEAELQDMINEVDADGNGTIDFPEFLTLMArkmkdtDSEEEIKEAFKVFDRDGNGFISAAELRHVMTNLGEKLTDEEVD 123

                          90
                  ....*....|....*....
gi 1386635302 141 KILKSMDKNGTMTIDWNEW 159
Cdd:PTZ00184  124 EMIREADVDGDGQINYEEF 142

Mitochondrial carrier protein;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 296 ETLRIHERLVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMAL---RKTGQYSGMLDCARRILAKEGVAAFYKGYIPNMLGIIPYAGI 372
Cdd:pfam00153   1 SELSFLASLLAGGIAGAIAVTVTYPLDVVKTRLQVqggSGKSKGRGILDCFKKIYKEEGIRGLYKGLLPNLLRVAPAAAI 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*.
gi 1386635302 373 DLAVYETLKNtWLQRY 388
Cdd:pfam00153  81 YFGTYETLKR-LLLKK 95

Mitochondrial carrier protein;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 394 DPGVFVLLACGTISSTCGQLASYPLALVRTRMQAQASIEGAPEVTMSSLFKQILRTEGAFGLYRGLAPNFMKVIPAVSIS 473
Cdd:pfam00153   2 ELSFLASLLAGGIAGAIAVTVTYPLDVVKTRLQVQGGSGKSKGRGILDCFKKIYKEEGIRGLYKGLLPNLLRVAPAAAIY 81

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 1386635302 474 YVVYENLKITLG 485
Cdd:pfam00153  82 FGTYETLKRLLL 93

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2); The family includes some homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) mainly found in lower eukaryotes, such as a parasitic protist Leishmarua major and a cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. These homologs contains five EF-hand motifs. Due to the presence of unfavorable residues at the Ca2+-coordinating positions, their non-canonical EF4 and EF5 hands may not bind Ca2+. Two Dictyostelium PEF proteins are the prototypes of this family. They may bind to cytoskeletal proteins and/or signal-transducing proteins localized to detergent-resistant membranes named lipid rafts, and occur as monomers or weak homo- or heterodimers like ALG-2. They can serve as a mediator for Ca2+ signaling-related Dictyostehum programmed cell death (PCD).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVH---YLQDhekkLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKN 149
Cdd:cd16185    39 EKLIRMFDRDGNGTIDFEEFAAlhqFLSN----MQNGFEQRDTSRSGRLDANEVHEALAASGFQLDPPAFQALFRKFDPD 114

                          90
                  ....*....|
gi 1386635302 150 GTMTIDWNEW 159
Cdd:cd16185   115 RGGSLGFDDY 124

EF-hand domain pair;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1386635302 100 EKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLR--DLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKNGTMTIDWNE 158
Cdd:pfam13499   1 EEKLKEAFKLLDSDGDGYLDVEELKKLLRklEEGEPLSDEEVEELFKEFDLDKDGRISFEE 61

calmodulin; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  67 PAEQFPKKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQ------DHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAE 140
Cdd:PTZ00184   44 PTEAELQDMINEVDADGNGTIDFPEFLTLMArkmkdtDSEEEIKEAFKVFDRDGNGFISAAELRHVMTNLGEKLTDEEVD 123

                          90
                  ....*....|....*....
gi 1386635302 141 KILKSMDKNGTMTIDWNEW 159
Cdd:PTZ00184  124 EMIREADVDGDGQINYEEF 142

The penta-EF hand (PEF) family; The penta-EF hand (PEF) family contains a group of five EF-hand calcium-binding proteins, including several classical calpain large catalytic subunits (CAPN1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14), two calpain small subunits (CAPNS1 and CAPNS2), as well as non-calpain PEF proteins, ALG-2 (apoptosis-linked gene 2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6, PDCD6), peflin, sorcin, and grancalcin. Based on the sequence similarity of EF1 hand, ALG-2 and peflin have been classified into group I PEF proteins. Calcium-dependent protease calpain subfamily members, sorcin and grancalcin, are group II PEF proteins. Calpains (EC 3.4.22.17) are calcium-activated intracellular cysteine proteases that play important roles in the degradation or functional modulation in a variety of substrates. They have been implicated in a number of physiological processes such as cell cycle progression, remodeling of cytoskeletal-cell membrane attachments, signal transduction, gene expression and apoptosis. ALG-2 is a pro-apoptotic factor that forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin through their EF5s. Peflin is a 30-kD PEF protein with a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain than any other member of the PEF family, and it contains nine nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP) repeats. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+. ALG-2 interacts with various proteins in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Sorcin (for soluble resistance-related calcium binding protein) is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein that participates in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in cells. Grancalcin is a cytosolic Ca2+-binding protein specifically expressed in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. It plays a key role in leukocyte-specific functions that are responsible for host defense. Grancalcin can form a heterodimer together with sorcin. Members in this family contain five EF-hand motifs attached to an N-terminal region of variable length containing one or more short Gly/Pro-rich sequences. These proteins form homodimers or heterodimers through pairing between the 5th EF-hands from the two molecules. Unlike calmodulin, the PEF domains do not undergo major conformational changes upon binding Ca2+.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFvHYLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDK-NGT 151
Cdd:cd15897    43 RSMIAMMDRDHSGKLNFSEF-KGLWNYIKAWQEIFRTYDTDGSGTIDSNELRQALSGAGYRLSEQTYDIIIRRYDRgRGN 121

                  ....
gi 1386635302 152 MTID 155
Cdd:cd15897   122 IDFD 125

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) and similar proteins; ALG-2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6), or probable calcium-binding protein ALG-2, is one of the prototypic members of the penta EF-hand protein family. It is a widely expressed calcium-binding modulator protein associated with cell proliferation and death, as well as cell survival. ALG-2 acts as a pro-apoptotic factor participating in T cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death, and also serves as a useful molecular marker for the prognosis of cancers. Moreover, ALG-2 functions as a calcium ion sensor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites, and modulates ER-stress-stimulated cell death and neuronal apoptosis during organ formation. Furthermore, ALG-2 can mediate the pro-apoptotic activity of cisplatin or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) through the down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) expression. It also inhibits angiogenesis through PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K pathway by interacting of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). In addition, nuclear ALG-2 may participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor Type 1 (IP3R1) pre-mRNA at least in part by interacting with CHERP (Ca2+ homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein) calcium-dependently. ALG-2 contains five serially repeated EF-hand motifs and interacts with various proteins, including ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix), Fas, annexin XI, death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPk1), Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), Sec31A, phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), the P-body component PATL1, and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III-related protein IST1, in a calcium-dependent manner. It forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin. Among the PEF proteins, ALG-2 can bind three Ca2+ ions through its EF1, EF3, and EF5 hands, where it is unique in that its EF5 hand binds Ca2+ ion in a canonical coordination.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1386635302  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFV---HYLQDHEKklrlVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKNGTMTID 155
Cdd:cd16183    47 DRDNSGTINFQEFAalwKYITDWQN----CFRSFDRDNSGNIDKNELKQALTSFGYRLSDQFYDILVRKFDRQGRGTIA 121

EF-hand motif found in eukaryotic phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC, EC 3.1.4.11) isozymes; PI-PLC isozymes are signaling enzymes that hydrolyze the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to generate two important second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction cascades, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). InsP3 triggers inflow of calcium from intracellular stores, while DAG, together with calcium, activates protein kinase C, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. Calcium is required for the catalysis. This family corresponds to the four EF-hand motifs containing PI-PLC isozymes, including PI-PLC-beta (1-4), -gamma (1-2), -delta (1,3,4), -epsilon (1), -zeta (1), eta (1-2). Lower eukaryotes such as yeast and slime molds contain only delta-type isozymes. In contrast, other types of isoforms present in higher eukaryotes. This family also includes 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (PLC1) from fungi. Some homologs from plants contain only two atypical EF-hand motifs and they are not included. All PI-PLC isozymes except sperm-specific PI-PLC-zeta share a core set of domains, including an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four atypical EF-hand motifs, a PLC catalytic core, and a single C2 domain. PI-PLC-zeta lacks the PH domain. The PLC catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a highly degenerate linker sequence. Most of EF-hand motifs found in PI-PLCs consist of a helix-loop-helix structure, but lack residues critical to metal binding. Moreover, the EF-hand region of most of PI-PLCs may have an important regulatory function, but it has yet to be identified. However, PI-PLC-zeta is a key exception. It is responsible for Ca2+ oscillations in fertilized oocytes and exhibits a high sensitivity to Ca2+ mediated through its EF-hand domain. In addition, PI-PLC-eta2 shows a canonical EF-loop directing Ca2+-sensitivity and thus can amplify transient Ca2+ signals. Also it appears that PI-PLC-delta1 can regulate the binding of PH domain to PIP2 in a Ca2+-dependent manner through its functionally important EF-hand domains. PI-PLCs can be activated by a variety of extracellular ligands, such as growth factors, hormones, cytokines and lipids. Their activation has been implicated in tumorigenesis and/or metastasis linked to migration, proliferation, growth, inflammation, angiogenesis and actin cytoskeleton reorganization. PI-PLC-beta isozymes are activated by G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) through different mechanisms. However, PI-PLC-gamma isozymes are activated by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), such as Rho and Ras GTPases. In contrast, PI-PLC-epsilon are activated by both GPCR and RTK. PI-PLC-delta1 and PLC-eta 1 are activated by GPCR-mediated calcium mobilization. The activation mechanism for PI-PLC-zeta remains unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVH-YLQDHEKK-LRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRD-LGVKISEQQAEKILKSMD-- 147
Cdd:cd15898    39 KKLFKEVDTNGDGTLTFDEFEElYKSLTERPeLEPIFKKYAGTNRDYMTLEEFIRFLREeQGENVSEEECEELIEKYEpe 118

                  ....*....
gi 1386635302 148 -KNGTMTID 155
Cdd:cd15898   119 rENRQLSFE 127

mitochondrial carrier protein; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 304 LVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMALRKTGQYSgmldcarrilakeGVAAFYKGYIPNMLGIIPYAGIDLAVYEtLKNT 383
Cdd:PTZ00168    7 LVTGALSGVIVDAVLYPIDSIKTNIQAKKSFSFS-------------DIKKLYSGILPTLVGTVPASAFFYCFYE-LSKK 72

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 384 WLQRYAVNSADPGVFvlLACGTISSTCGQLASYPLALVRTRMQAQASIegapevtmsSLFKQILRTEGAFGLYRGLAPNF 463
Cdd:PTZ00168   73 LLTEYRENISKTNLY--LISTSIAEITACIVRLPFEIVKQNMQVSGNI---------SVLKTIYEITQREGLPSFLGKSY 141

                         170       180
                  ....*....|....*....|..
gi 1386635302 464 M----KVIPAVSISYVVYENLK 481
Cdd:PTZ00168  142 FvmivREIPFDCIQYFLWETLK 163

mitochondrial carrier protein; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 208 RHLVAGGGAGAVSRTCTAPLDRLKVLMQVHASRSnnmcivggFTQMireggaKSLWRGNGINVLKIAPESAIKFMAYEQM 287
Cdd:PTZ00168    5 HNLVTGALSGVIVDAVLYPIDSIKTNIQAKKSFS--------FSDI------KKLYSGILPTLVGTVPASAFFYCFYELS 70

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 288 KRLVGSDQETL-RIHERLVAGSLAGAIAQSSIYPMEVLKTRMalrktgQYSG---MLDCARRILAKEGVAAFY-KGYIPN 362
Cdd:PTZ00168   71 KKLLTEYRENIsKTNLYLISTSIAEITACIVRLPFEIVKQNM------QVSGnisVLKTIYEITQREGLPSFLgKSYFVM 144

                         170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 363 MLGIIPYAGIDLAVYETLKNTWLQRYAVNSADPGVFVLLACGTISSTCGQLASYPLALVRTR--MQAQASIEGAPEVTms 440
Cdd:PTZ00168  145 IVREIPFDCIQYFLWETLKEKAKKDFGKFSKKYPSITSAICGGLAGGIAGFLTTPVDVIKSRqiIYGKSYIETVTEIA-- 222

                         250
                  ....*....|....*...
gi 1386635302 441 slfkqilrTEGAFGLYRG 458
Cdd:PTZ00168  223 --------EEGYLTFYKG 232

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in calcium-dependent protease small subunit CAPNS1 and CAPNS2; CAPNS1, also termed calpain small subunit 1 (CSS1), or calcium-activated neutral proteinase small subunit (CANP small subunit), or calcium-dependent protease small subunit (CDPS), or calpain regulatory subunit, is a common 28-kDa regulatory calpain subunit encoded by the calpain small 1 (Capns1, also known as Capn4) gene. It acts as a binding partner to form a heterodimer with the 80 kDa calpain large catalytic subunit and is required in maintaining the activity of calpain. CAPNS1 plays a significant role in tumor progression of human cancer, and functions as a potential therapeutic target in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), glioma, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). It may be involved in regulating migration and cell survival through binding to the SH3 domain of Ras GTPase-activating protein (RasGAP). It may also modulate Akt/FoxO3A signaling and apoptosis through PP2A. CAPNS1 contains an N-terminal glycine rich domain and a C-terminal PEF-hand domain. CAPNS2, also termed calpain small subunit 2 (CSS2), is a novel tissue-specific 30 kDa calpain small subunit that lacks two oligo-Gly stretches characteristic of the N-terminal Gly-rich domain of CAPNS1. CAPNS2 acts as a chaperone for the calpain large subunit, and appears to be the functional equivalent of CAPNS1. However, CAPNS2 binds the large subunit much more weakly than CAPNS1 and it does not undergo the autolytic conversion typical of CAPNS1.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFvHYLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSM-DKNGT 151
Cdd:cd16188    46 RSMVAVMDSDTTGKLGFEEF-KYLWNNIKKWQGIYKQFDTDRSGTIGSQELPGAFEAAGFHLNEQLYQMIIRRYsDEDGN 124

                  ....
gi 1386635302 152 MTID 155
Cdd:cd16188   125 MDFD 128

centrin; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1386635302  97 QDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKNGTMTIDWNEWRD 161
Cdd:PTZ00183   13 EDQKKEIREAFDLFDTDGSGTIDPKELKVAMRSLGFEPKKEEIKQMIADVDKDGSGKIDFEEFLD 77

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in sorcin, grancalcin, and similar proteins; The family corresponds to the second group of penta-EF hand (PEF) proteins that includes sorcin, grancalcin, and similar proteins. Sorcin, also termed 22 kDa Ca2+-binding protein, CP-22, or V19, is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein that is expressed in normal mammalian tissues, such as the liver, lungs and heart. It contains a flexible glycine and proline-rich N-terminal extension and five EF-hand motifs that associate with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. It may harbor three potential Ca2+ binding sites through its EF1, EF2 and EF3 hands. However, binding of only two Ca2+/monomer suffices to trigger the conformational change that exposes hydrophobic regions and leads to interaction with the respective targets. Sorcin forms homodimers through the association of the unpaired EF5 hand. Among the PEF proteins, sorcin is unique in that it contains potential phosphorylation sites by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and it can form a tetramer at slightly acid pH values although remaining a stable dimer at neutral pH. Grancalcin (GCA) is a cytosolic Ca2+-binding protein specifically expressed in neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. It can strongly interact with sorcin to form a heterodimer and further modulate the function of sorcin. GCA exists as homodimers in solution. It contains five EF-hand motifs attached to an N-terminal region of an approximately 50 residue-long segment rich in glycines and prolines. In contrast with sorcin, GCA binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFvhylqdheKKL-------RLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKNGTM 152
Cdd:cd16181    50 DRDHSGKMGFNEF--------KELwaalnqwKTTFMQYDRDRSGTVEPQELQQAIRSFGYNLSPQALNVIVKRYSKNGRI 121

                  ...
gi 1386635302 153 TID 155
Cdd:cd16181   122 TFD 124

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in reticulocalbin-2 (RCN2) mainly from protostomes; This family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized RCN2-like proteins, which are mainly found in protostomes. Although their biological function remains unclear, they show high sequence similarity with RCN2 (also known as E6BP or TCBP-49), which is an endoplasmic reticulum resident low-affinity Ca2+-binding protein that has been implicated in immunity, redox homeostasis, cell cycle regulation and coagulation. Members in this family contain six copies of the EF-hand Ca2+-binding motif, but may lack a C-terminal His-Asp-Glu-Leu (HDEL) tetrapeptide that is required for retention of RCN2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQDHEKK------LRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIM---QSLRDLGVKISEQqaEKIL 143
Cdd:cd16227   125 KEMFEAADLNKDGKLDKTEFSAFQHPEEYPhmhpvlIEQTLRDKDKDNDGFISFQEFLgdrAGHEDKEWLLVEK--DRFD 202

                          90
                  ....*....|....*
gi 1386635302 144 KSMDKNGTMTIDWNE 158
Cdd:cd16227   203 EDYDKDGDGKLDGEE 217

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in sorcin; Sorcin, also termed 22 kDa Ca2+-binding protein, CP-22, or V19, is a soluble resistance-related calcium-binding protein that is expressed in normal mammalian tissues, such as the liver, lungs and heart. The up-regulation of sorcin is correlated with a number of cancer types, including colorectal, gastric and breast cancer. It may represent a therapeutic target for reversing tumor multidrug resistance (MDR). Sorcin participates in the regulation of calcium homeostasis in cells and is necessary for the activation of mitosis and cytokinesis. It enhances metastasis and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of colorectal cancer. Moreover, sorcin has been implicated in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ cycling and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. It displays the anti-apoptotic properties via the modulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in cardiac myocytes. It can target and activate the sarcolemmal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) in cardiac muscle. Meanwhile, sorcin modulates cardiac L-type Ca2+ current by functional interaction with the alpha1C subunit. It also associates with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIdeltaC (CaMKIIdelta(C)) and further modulates ryanodine receptor (RyR) function in cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, sorcin may act as a Ca2+ sensor for glucose-induced nuclear translocation and the activation of carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (ChREBP)-dependent genes. As a mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 interactor, sorcin involves in mitochondrial metabolism through the TRAP1 pathway. In addition, sorcin may regulate the inhibition of type I interferon response in cells through interacting with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1. Sorcin contains a flexible glycine and proline-rich N-terminal extension and five EF-hand motifs that associate with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. It may harbor three potential Ca2+ binding sites through its EF1, EF2 and EF3 hands. However, binding of only two Ca2+/monomer suffices to trigger the conformational change that exposes hydrophobic regions and leads to interaction with the respective targets. Sorcin forms homodimers through the association of the unpaired EF5 hand. Among the PEF proteins, sorcin is unique in that it contains potential phosphorylation sites by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and it can form a tetramer at slightly acid pH values although remaining a stable dimer at neutral pH.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFvhylqdheKKLRLV-------FKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKNGTM 152
Cdd:cd16187    50 DRDMSGTMGFNEF--------KELWAVlngwrqhFISFDSDRSGTVDPQELQKALTTMGFRLSPQAVNSIAKRYSTNGKI 121

                  ...
gi 1386635302 153 TID 155
Cdd:cd16187   122 TFD 124

centrin; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYL------QDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSM 146
Cdd:PTZ00183   56 KQMIADVDKDGSGKIDFEEFLDIMtkklgeRDPREEILKAFRLFDDDKTGKISLKNLKRVAKELGETITDEELQEMIDEA 135

                          90
                  ....*....|..
gi 1386635302 147 DKNGTMTIDWNE 158
Cdd:PTZ00183  136 DRNGDGEISEEE 147

EF-hand domain;

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302 102 KLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLG 131
Cdd:pfam13405   1 ELREAFKLFDKDGDGKISLEELRKALRSLG 30

calmodulin; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1386635302 107 FKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKILKSMDKNGTMTIDWNEW 159
Cdd:PTZ00184   17 FSLFDKDGDGTITTKELGTVMRSLGQNPTEAELQDMINEVDADGNGTIDFPEF 69

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in Drosophila melanogaster calpain-A (CalpA), calpain-B (CalpB), and similar proteins; The family contains two calpains that have been found in Drosophila, CalpA and CalpB. CalpA, also termed calcium-activated neutral proteinase A (CANP A), or calpain-A catalytic subunit, is a Drosophila calpain homolog specifically expressed in a few neurons in the central nervous system, in scattered endocrine cells in the midgut, and in blood cells. CalpB, also termed calcium-activated neutral proteinase B (CANP B), contains calpain-B catalytic subunit 1 and calpain-B catalytic subunit 2. Both CalpA and CalpB are closely related to that of vertebrate calpains, and they share similar domain architecture, which consists of four domains: the N-terminal domain I, the catalytic domain II carrying the three active site residues, Cys, His and Asn, the Ca2+-regulated phospholipid-binding domain III, and penta-EF-hand Ca2+-binding domain IV. Besides, CalpA and CalpB display some distinguishing structural features that are not found in mammalian typical calpains. CalpA harbors a 76 amino acid long hydrophobic stretch inserted in domain IV, which may be involved in membrane attachment of this enzyme. CalpB has an unusually long N-terminal tail of 224 amino acids, which belongs to the class of intrinsically unstructured proteins (IUP) and may become ordered upon binding to target protein(s). Moreover, they do not need small regulatory subunits for their catalytic activity, and their proteolytic function is not regulated by an intrinsic inhibitor as the Drosophila genome contains neither regulatory subunit nor calpastatin orthologs. As a result, they may exist as a monomer or perhaps as a homo- or heterodimer together with a second large subunit. Furthermore, both CalpA and CalpB are dispensable for viability and fertility and do not share vital functions during Drosophila development. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid can stimulate the activity and the rate of activation of CalpA, but not CalpB. Calpain A modulates Toll responses by limited Cactus/IkappaB proteolysis. CalpB directly interacts with talin, an important component of the focal adhesion complex, and functions as an important modulator in border cell migration within egg chambers, which may act via the digestion of talin. CalpB can be phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A, PKA; EC 2.7.11.11) at Ser240 and Ser845, as well as by mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1 and ERK2; EC 2.7.11.24) at Thr747. The activation of the ERK pathway by extracellular signals results in the phosphorylation and activation of calpain B. In Schneider cells (S2), calpain B was mainly in the cytoplasm and upon a rise in Ca2+ the enzyme adhered to intracellular membranes.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1386635302  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQDhekkLRL---VFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKIS 135
Cdd:cd16196    51 DVDRSGKLGFEEFKKLWED----LRSwkrVFKLFDTDGSGSFSSFELRNALNSAGFRLS 105

EF-hand motif found in phosphoinositide phospholipase C delta (PI-PLC-delta); PI-PLC-delta isozymes represent a class of metazoan PI-PLCs that are some of the most sensitive to calcium among all PLCs. Their activation is modulated by intracellular calcium ion concentration, phospholipids, polyamines, and other proteins, such as RhoAGAP. Like other PI-PLC isozymes, PI-PLC-delta isozymes contain a core set of domains, including an N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, four atypical EF-hand motifs, a PLC catalytic core, and a single C-terminal C2 domain. The PLC catalytic core domain is a TIM barrel with two highly conserved regions (X and Y) split by a highly degenerate linker sequence. There are three PI-PLC-delta isozymes (1, 3 and 4). PI-PLC-delta1 is relatively well characterized. It is activated by high calcium levels generated by other PI-PLC family members, and therefore functions as a calcium amplifier within the cell. Different PI-PLC-delta isozymes have different tissue distribution and different subcellular locations. PI-PLC-delta1 is mostly a cytoplasmic protein, PI-PLC-delta3 is located in the membrane, and PI-PLC-delta4 is predominantly detected in the cell nucleus. PI-PLC-delta isozymes is evolutionarily conserved even in non-mammalian species, such as yeast, slime molds and plants.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1386635302  69 EQFpkkivQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFVHYLQD-----HEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDL 130
Cdd:cd16202     4 DQF-----RKADKNGDGKLSFKECKKLLKKlnvkvDKDYAKKLFQEADTSGEDVLDEEEFVQFYNRL 65

Calcium-activated neutral; CAPN3, also termed calcium-activated neutral proteinase 3 (CANP 3), or calpain L3, or calpain p94, or muscle-specific calcium-activated neutral protease 3, or new calpain 1 (nCL-1), is a calpain large subunit that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, or lens. The skeletal muscle-specific CAPN3 are pathologically associated with limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A (LGMD2A). Its autolytic activity can be positively regulated by calmodulin (CaM), a known transducer of the calcium signal. CAPN3 is also involved in human melanoma tumorigenesis and progression. It impairs cell proliferation and stimulates oxidative stress-mediated cell death in melanoma cells. Moreover, it plays an important role in sarcomere remodeling and mitochondrial protein turnover. Furthermore, the phosphorylated skeletal muscle-specific CAPN3 acts as a myofibril structural component and may participate in myofibril-based signaling pathways. In the eye, the lens-specific CAPN3, together with CAPN2, is responsible for proteolytic cleavages of alpha and beta-crystallin. Overactivated alpha and beta-crystallin can lead to cataract formation. CAPN3 exists as a homodimer, rather than a heterodimer with the calpain small subunit. It may also form heterodimers with other calpain large subunits. CAPN3 contains a long N-terminal region, followed by a calpain cysteine protease (CysPc) domain, a C2-domain-like (C2L) domain, and a C-terminal Ca2+-binding penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain. Ca2+ binding at EF5 of the CAPN3 PEF domain is a distinct feature not observed in other calpain isoforms.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1386635302  80 DKDLDGQLDFEEFVHyLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQQAEKI-LKSMDKNgtMTIDWNE 158
Cdd:cd16190    53 DTDGSGKLNLQEFRH-LWNKIKQWQKIFKRYDTDKSGTINSYEMRNAVNDAGFRLNNQLYDIItMRYADKH--MNIDFDS 129

                  .
gi 1386635302 159 W 159
Cdd:cd16190   130 F 130

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in calpain-9 (CAPN9); CAPN9, also termed digestive tract-specific calpain, or new calpain 4 (nCL-4), or protein CG36, is a calpain large subunit predominantly expressed in gastrointestinal tract. It plays a physiological role in the suppression of tumorigenesis. It acts as an important biomolecule link for the regression of colorectal cancer via intracellular calcium homeostasis. CAPN9 may also play a critical role in lumen formation. Moreover, CAPN9, together with CAPN8, forms an active protease complex, G-calpain, in which both proteins are essential for stability and activity. The G-Calpain has been implicated in gastric mucosal defense. Furthermore, down-regulation of calpain 9 has been linked to hypertensive heart and kidney disease in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. CAPN9 contains a short N-terminal anchor helix, followed by a calpain cysteine protease (CysPc) domain, a C2-domain-like (C2L) domain, and a C-terminal Ca2+-binding penta-EF-hand (PEF) domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1386635302  73 KKIVQAGDKDLDGQLDFEEFvHYLQDHEKKLRLVFKSLDKKNDGRIDAQEIMQSLRDLGVKISEQ 137
Cdd:cd16192    46 KNIISLMDTSGNGKLGFSEF-KVFWDKLKKWIGLFLKYDADRSGTMSSYELRSALKAAGFQLNNQ 109